The common effects of air pollution are harmful to vegetation and buildings, can kill trees and harm animals, fish, and other wildlife, harming fish and other aquatic life, respiratory infection, irritation to eyes-nose-throat, lung cancer, heart disease and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.

Waste management is the “generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes”. There are various types of solid waste including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge).